HPMC yog dab tsi?

HPMC HydroxyPropyyl methylcellulose, tseem hu ua hypromellose, yog ib qho ntawm cov tsis muaj ector cellulose sib xyaw ua ke. Nws yog lub shatthetic, tsis voos, peelsictictic polymer nquag siv los ua cov tshuaj nplua nyeem, lossis raws li kev zam lossis qhov tsis zoo rau cov tshuaj.

Khoom npe HydroxyPropyl methylropyl cellulose (HPMC)
Lwm lub npe hydroxypropyl methylulose, mHPC, methyl hydroxypropylropylropylropyl
Cas sau npe naj npawb 9004-65-3
Cov tsos dawb nplua lossis cov hmoov av granular
Cov Lus Qhia Kev Nyab Xeeb S24 / 25

Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg
Zog: dawb lossis yuav luag dawb fibrous lossis granular hmoov
Kev ruaj khov: cov khib nyiab yog cov nplaim taws thiab tsis sib haum nrog cov neeg muaj zog oxidants.
Grandularity; Tus nqi dhau ntawm 100 mesh yog ntau tshaj li 98.5%. Tus nqi Pass ntawm 80 lub qhov muag yog 100%. Tshwj xeeb loj ntawm particle loj 40 ~ 60 mesh.
Carbonancy kub kub: 280-300 ℃
Pom meej ntom ntom: 0.25-0.70g / cm3 (feem ntau nyob ib ncig ntawm 0.5g / cm3), tshwj xeeb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus 1.26-1.31.
Xim hloov qhov kub: 190-200 ℃
Ntion: 42-56dyne / cm hauv 2% Kev daws
Solubility: soluble hauv dej thiab qee cov kuab tshuaj, dej, propanol / dej, thiab lwm yam. Siab pob tshab, ruaj khov kev ua tau zoo, cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv kub, cov solubility ntawm cov dej viscosity, cov solubility ntawm cov dej tsis muaj cuam tshuam los ntawm PH tus nqi.
Cov kev ua si saum npoo HPMC txo qis ntawm methoxyl cov ntsiab lus, qhov nce ntawm gel point thiab txo qis ntawm cov dej solubility.
HPMC kuj tseem muaj lub peev xwm ua rau cov hmoov tshauv qis, ua kom muaj qhov tsis sib xws, muaj qhov tsis sib xws, kev sib zog ua kom loj hlob mus rau enzyme, dispersity thiab cov yam ntxwv sib txawv.

Cov Qauv Ntau Lawm
Lub ntsej muag tshiab cellulose yog kho nrog lye ntawm 35-40 ℃ rau ib nrab ib teev, yog li ntawd lub celleri fiber ntau tau txais yog nyob rau hauv ntau yam uas yuav tsum tau. Tso cov alkali mus rau hauv lub hwj txwv ethofeification, ntxiv tshuaj me quav tshuaj thiab methane chloride sib ntsib, nruab nrab ntawm 50H, lub siab tshaj plaws yog hais txog 1.8MPA. Tom qab ntawd ntxiv kom tsim nyog ntawm hydrochloric acid thiab oxalic acid ntxuav cov ntaub ntawv hauv 90 ℃ dej kub kom ntug cov ntim. Thaum cov ntsiab lus dej hauv cov khoom siv tsawg dua 60%, nws tau qhuav rau tsawg dua 5% los ntawm huab cua kub ntawm 130 ℃. Thaum kawg, cov khoom tiav yog crushed thiab tshuaj ntsuam los ntawm 20 mesh.

Cov Qauv Piav Qhia
1, Txhua tus qauv tuaj yeem raug ntxiv rau cov khoom siv los ntawm cov qauv sib xyaw qhuav.
2, Yuav tsum tau ncaj qha ntxiv rau cov dej dej ib txwm muaj, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv dej txias dispersion, tom qab ntxiv feem ntau hauv 10-90 feeb los ua tuab.
3. Cov qauv zoo tib yam tuaj yeem yaj tom qab sib tov thiab dispersing nrog dej kub thiab ntxiv dej txias tom qab cua txias.
4. Thaum dissolving, yog tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm agglomerating tshwm sim, nws yog vim tias cov kev sib tov tsis txaus los yog cov qauv zoo li yog ncaj qha rau cov dej txias. Lub sijhawm no, nws yuav tsum tau ua sai sai.
5. Yog tias npuas muaj tshwm sim thaum sib cais, lawv tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev sawv ntsug rau ntawm kev daws teeb meem) lossis los ntawm kev ntsuas kom haum, lossis los ntawm kev ntxiv tus nqi tsim nyog ntawm defojing tus neeg sawv cev.

HPMC siv
Siv raws li thickener, dispersant, binder, expiphanant, roj tsis kam txheej, muab tub ceev, emulsifier thiab stabilizer nyob rau hauv textile kev lag luam. Kuj tseem dav siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob cob, petrochemical, ceramic, ntawv, tawv, tshuaj, khoom noj thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab lwm yam kev lag luam.

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb
1, kev tsim kho kev lag luam: Raws li cug cug txiav tawm tus neeg saib xyuas, retarder tshuaj nrog kaw. Nyob rau hauv plastering, gypsum, putty hmoov lossis lwm yam khoom lag luam ua nplaum, txhim kho da dej thiab ntev ntev lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Siv rau yav dhau los cov pobzeb ceramic, Marble, Yas kho kom zoo nkauj, muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo dua qub ntxiv lawm, tseem tuaj yeem txo cov kev ua kom haum xim. HPMC cov dej ua kom ua tau zoo ua rau cov slurry tom qab daim ntawv thov yuav tsis yog vim qhuav heev thiab tawg, txhim kho lub zog tom qab ua kom tawv.
2, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke sib xyaw ua ke: siv dav ua nplaum hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke.
3, txheej kev lag luam: nyob rau hauv lub txheej kev lag luam ua lub thickener, dispersant thiab stabilizer, hauv dej lossis organic kuab muaj zog solubility. Raws li cov xim tshem tawm.
4, number luam luam ntawv: hauv kev lag luam hauv Ink ua cov tuab tuab, dispersant thiab stabilizer, hauv dej lossis cov kuab tshuaj muaj cov solubility zoo.
5, Yas: Rau kev sib sau tso tawm tus neeg saib xyuas, mos muag, roj nplua nyeem, thiab lwm yam.
6, PVC: pvc ntau lawm los ntawm kev sib cais, raug tshem tawm polymerization npaj ntawm PVC lub ntsiab uuxilies.
7, kev lag luam tshuaj: cov khoom siv txheej; Membrane khoom; Tus Nqi Tshuaj-Tswj Polymer rau kev npaj ua kom raug; Stabilizing tus neeg sawv cev; Cov kev pab ncua; Ntsiav tshuaj nplaum; Nce goo
8, lwm yam: tseem dav siv hauv tawv, kev lag luam ntawv, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam textile.

Kev Lag Luam Tshwj Xeeb

Kev Tsim Kho Kev Tsim Kho
1, xis mas cug: Txhim kho cov kev faib tawm ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo - los tiv thaiv cov kab cug, kom tiv thaiv cov kab nrib pleb muaj cov nyhuv, tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov cement.

2, Ceramic pobzeb xis mas: txhim kho cov plasticity ntawm Ceramic Tais tshuaj khib, ua kom cov kua txob, txhim kho cov kua nplaum relay ntawm cov pobzeb ceramic, tiv thaiv hmoov.
3, Asbestos thiab lwm cov txheej txheem rawg: ua ib tus neeg sawv cev rov qab, siv cov kua qaub, tabsis kuj txhim kho lub hauv paus ntawm cov kua nplaum relay.
4, gypsum slurry: txhim kho kev tuav dej thiab cov txheej txheem, txhim kho cov nplaum ntawm lub hauv paus.
5, Kev ua yeeb yam Mementum: Ntxiv rau Gypsum Board nrog kev sib koom tes Maas thiab dej ua kom muaj dej.
6, Litx Putty: Txhim kho cov dej hauv qab thiab dej tuav tseg ntawm cov zaub mov zoo ntawm cov txiv ntseej.
7, tshuaj khib: raws li hloov chaw rau ntuj muab tshuaj txhuam, tuaj yeem txhim kho cov dej khaws cia, txhim kho cov kua nplaum relay nrog lub hauv paus.
8, txheej: raws li lub tshuab yas ntawm cov txheej yas, nws muaj lub luag haujlwm txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ua haujlwm thiab fluys ntawm txheej thiab ua kom muaj hmoov.
9, txau txheej txheem: Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muab cov khoom siv rau cov khoom siv tog thiab ua kom ntws thiab tshuaj tsuag nqaj muaj cov nyhuv zoo.
10, Maas, Gylsum Cov Khoom Siv Thib Ob: Raws li Muam thiab lwm cov khoom lag luam hydraulic nias cov khoom moulding, txhim kho cov khoom lag luam kom zoo nkauj, tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke.
11, cov phab ntsa fiber: vim yog kev tawm tsam rau enzyme los tiv thaiv kab mob los tiv thaiv, raws li phau ntawv ntawm SAND WALD yog qhov ua tau zoo.
12, Lwm yam: tuaj yeem siv los ua cov hlau cug roj hmab cug vab thiab cug.

Tshuaj Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam
1, Vinyl chloride, Vinyl Polymerization: Raws li Polymerization Kev Ncauj Nyom, Dispersant, Nrog Cellulropylropyl Cellulose (HPC) thiab tuaj yeem tswj hwm cov kev faib tawm ntawm cov qauv ntawm particle thiab particle.
2, nplaum: Raws li Wallpaper Adhesive, hloov cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab feem ntau tuaj yeem siv nrog vinyl acetate latex txheej.
3. Tshuaj tua kab: ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tua kab thiab cov tshuaj tua kab, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho cov nplaum kom zoo li thaum txau.
4, LowX: Txhim kho cov pa tsis huv, styrene butadiene roj hmab (sbr) lhuab thillener.
5, Binder: Ua tus xaum qhuav, cov xaum kob ua cov nplaum.

Kev Lag Luam Tshuaj Pleev
1. Zawv plaub hau: Txhim kho lub viscosity thiab ruaj khov ntawm npuas ntawm zawv plaub hau, tshuaj ntxuav khoom thiab xaub qab.
2. Tshuaj txhuam hniav: txhim kho cov tshuaj txhuam hniav ntawm cov tshuaj txhuam hniav.

Kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus
1, citrus kaus poom: Tiv thaiv kom tiv thaiv vim kev txiav txim siab ntawm txiv kab ntxwv glycosides thiab whitening metamorphism kom ua tiav cov tshiab.
2, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo txias txias: ntxiv rau hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lwg, medium nruab nrab, ua kom cov saj zoo dua.
3, sauce: Raws li sauce, lws suav ntses emulsifovamifosation stabilizer lossis thickening tus neeg sawv cev.
4, cov dej txias txheej glazing: siv rau khov ntses cia, tuaj yeem tiv thaiv districoronation, nrog methyl cellulose kua, thiab ces khov rau ntawm cov dej khov.
5, cov nplaum ntawm cov tshuaj: raws li kev ua cov nplaum ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj nplaum, cov ntawv cog lus thiab vau thiab tawg thaum noj) yog qhov zoo.

Kws Tshuaj Kho Mob
1. Txheej: Tus Neeg Sawv Cev Txheej Txheem yog tsim rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem organic lossis aqueous daws rau cov ntsiav tshuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov khoom ua los ntawm cov tshuaj txau.
2, Tus neeg sawv cev qeeb: 2-3 grams tauj ib hnub, txhua lub sijhawm 1-2g ntau npaum li cas, hauv 4-5 hnub los qhia cov nyhuv.
3, Tshuaj Kho Qhov Muag: Vim tias osroxypropy cov kua tshuaj yog tib yam li kua muag, yog li cov kua muag, raws li cov roj nplua nyeem tiv toj rau lub qhov muag lens.
4, tus neeg sawv cev gelatinous: raws li cov hauv paus cov khoom siv ntawm cov tshuaj uas muaj roj lossis tshuaj pleev sab nraud.
5, Tshuaj Txhuam Tshuaj Kho Mob: Ua ib tus neeg sawv cev tuab, dej rov ua tus neeg saib xyuas.

Kev Lag Luam Rauv
1, cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob: Ua kom muaj hluav taws xob denser, bauxite Ferrite magnetum siab molding cov nplaum, tuaj yeem siv nrog 1.2-propylene glycol.
2, ci: Siv ua ci ci thiab plooj (vencelain nrog txha hniav laus, tuaj yeem txhim kho bonding thiab txheej txheem.
3, rectractics cug: ntxiv rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke lossis cam khwb cia hluav taws xob khoom, tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tuaj yeem txhim kho cov dej khov kho.

Lwm Cov Kev Lag Luam
1, fiber: Raws li Printing zas xim rau pigments, boron hav zoov dyes, toolile dyes, siv tau, tuaj yeem siv nrog cov cua sov hardening cob.
2, Ntawv: Siv rau cov ntawv roj carbon tawv tawv nplaum thiab cov roj ua thiab lwm yam.
3, tawv: raws li cov kawg ntawm lubrication los yog pov tseg cov nplaum khaws cia.
4, Cov kua dej-dej-bases: ntxiv rau cov kua dej-based, tus mem kua qab, li thickening tus neeg sawv cev, zaj duab xis ua tus neeg sawv cev.
5, Luam Yeeb: Raws li cov nplaum ntawm rov ua luam yeeb.

Pharmacopoeia tus qauv

Tau qhov twg los thiab cov ntsiab lus
Cov khoom no yog 2- Hydroxyprropyl etherheth methyl cellulose. HydroxyPropy kasthylcellulose tuaj yeem faib ua plaub yam ntawm cov methoxy thiab hydroxypropy thiab hydroxyhch3) yuav tsum ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm lub rooj txuas.

tus neeg
Cov khoom no yog dawb lossis Qasi-dawb fibrous lossis granular hmoov; Odless.
Cov khoom no yuav luag tsis tau muaj cov ethanol, etherone etetone; O hauv dej txias los ua kom muaj qhov tseeb lossis me ntsis turbid daws.

Txheeb xyuas
(1) Nqa cov khoom lag luam, cua sov 100ml ntawm cov dej (80 ~ 90 ℃), do txuas ntxiv, txias rau hauv dej khov nab kuab, thiab ua cov kua nplaum; Tso 2ml ntawm kev daws rau hauv lub raj ntsuas kev sim, maj mam ntxiv 1ml ntawm 0.035% anthracene sulfuric acid
(2) tus nqi uas tsim nyog ntawm cov kua viscous nyob rau hauv kev txheeb xyuas (1) yog hliv rau ntawm cov iav phaj. Tom qab evaporation dej, ib txheej ntawm cov zaj duab xis tawv yog tsim.

kuaj
1, ph
Tom qab txias, kho cov tshuaj rau 100g nrog dej thiab do kom txog thaum nws yaj tag. Txiav txim siab raws li txoj cai lij choj (Daim Ntawv Ntxiv ⅵ ⅵ H, Tshooj II ntawm Pharmacopoeia, 2010 tsab). PH tus nqi yuav tsum yog 5.0-8.0.
2, viscosity
2.0% (G / G) Kev Ncua Ntawv tau npaj los ntawm kev noj 10.0g ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab ntxiv 90 ℃ dej kom tag nrho cov qauv thiab dej 500.0g raws li cov khoom qhuav. Qhov kev ncua tau tag nrho rau kwv yees li 10 feeb kom txog thaum cov lus tau tawg tag nrho thiab wetted. Qhov kev tshem tawm tau txias rau hauv dej khov nab kuab thiab txuas ntxiv mus do rau 40 feeb thaum lub sijhawm txias. Ib lub tog raj kheej ib qho viscoseterely (NDJ-1 tuaj yeem siv rau cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob Viscosity) tau siv ntau dua li ntawm cov kab mob Viscoseatity) yog li lwm tus, thiab lwm tus muaj kev tsim txiaj, thiab lwm yam Yog tias tus kab mob viscosity tsawg dua li 600MpaMau yuav tsum 80% ~ 120% ntawm daim ntawv lo viscosity; Yog tias lub viscosity sau tau ntau dua los yog sib npaug rau 600MpaMau yuav tsum tau 75% rau 140% ntawm daim ntawv lo viscosity.

3 insoluble teeb meem hauv dej
Siv 1.0g ntawm cov khoom, muab tso rau hauv ib lub beaker, ntxiv 100ml kub ntawm 80-90 ℃, rau qhov kev daws teeb meem yog lim), thiab do nws tag nrho, lim nws kom tsis muaj. 1 Ntsug Melting iav Crucible uas tau qhuav mus rau qhov hnyav tas li ntawm 105 ℃, thiab ntxuav lub beaker nrog dej. Cov kua tau lim rau hauv cov saum toj no ntsug lub ntsej muag iav crucible iav crucible iav crucible iav crucible iav crucible thiab qhuav rau tas li qhov hnyav tsis yog tshaj 5mg (0.5%).

4 Qhov hnyav yuag poob
Nqa cov khoom no thiab qhuav nws ntawm 105 ℃ rau 2 teev, thiab poob phaus tsis tau ntau dua 5.0, part II, Kws Tshuaj) tsab).

5 hlawv cov chaw nyob
Siv 1.0g ntawm cov khoom no thiab tshawb xyuas nws raws li txoj cai lij choj (Daim Ntawv Ntxiv N, Tshooj II ntawm Pharmacopoeia 2010 tsab), thiab cov chaw nyob qis yuav tsis pub tshaj 1.5%.

6 Hnyav Hlau
Nqa cov seem sab laug hauv qab ntawm cov kab ke incandescent, tshawb xyuas cov cai thib ob ntawm cov khoom siv (cov hlau hnyav yuav tsis pub dhau 20 feem ib lab.

7 arsenic ntsev
Siv 1.0g ntawm cov khoom no, ntxiv 1.0g calcium hydroxide, ua kom qhuav, ua ntej rau ntawm pharmoothing, thiab tom qab ntawd, ua ntej, nws yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai (0.0002%).

Cov Ntsiab Lus Kev Txiav Txim Siab
1, metoxyl
Methoxy, kev coj siab thiab hydroxyprropoxy (Ntxiv rau VII F, Tshooj II, 2010 tsab ntawm Pharmacopoeia) tau txiav txim siab. Yog tias txoj kev thib ob (Volumetric txoj kev) yog siv, coj cov khoom lag luam, ntsuas nws yog thiab ntsuas nws raws li txoj cai. Qhov ntsuas metoxy tus nqi (%) yog txiav tawm los ntawm cov khoom ntawm hydroxyprropoxy tus nqi (%) thiab (31/75 × 0.93).
2, HydroxyPropEXY
Methoxy, kev coj siab thiab hydroxyprropoxy (Ntxiv rau VII F, Tshooj II, 2010 tsab ntawm Pharmacopoeia) tau txiav txim siab. Yog tias txoj kev thib ob (ntim cov qauv) yog siv, nqa cov khoom lag luam txog 0.1g, qhov ntsuas raug, txiav txim siab raws li txoj cai, thiab tau.

Pharmacology thiab Toxicology
HydroxyPropy cellulose yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj methyl thiab ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj txias, feem ntau yog cov kua muag) ze rau, yog li ntawd, tuaj yeem siv ua kua muag cuav. Lub tshuab kev ua yog tias cov khoom lag luam polymer los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev kos duab ntawm lub xeev ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub xeev cov kua muag txo. Cov adsorption yog ywj siab ntawm kev daws teeb meem thiab yog li tso cai rau ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntub dej txawm tias cov kev daws teeb meem qis. Tsis tas li ntawd, corneal ntub ntub yog nce los ntawm kev txo lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub kaum sab xis huv si.

Pharmaconinetics
Tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm tau tshaj tawm rau kev siv cov tshuaj pleev ntawm cov khoom no.

kev taw qhia
Moisten lub qhov muag nrog cov kua muag tsis txaus thiab tshem tawm qhov muag tsis xis nyob.

Kev siv
Ob tus neeg laus thiab cov menyuam tuaj yeem siv nws. 1-2 dauv, peb zaug ib hnub; Los yog raws li kws kho mob tau sau tseg.
Cov kev sib raug zoo hloov hais lus
Hauv qee zaus nws tuaj yeem ua rau qhov muag tsis xis nyob xws li qhov muag mob, xiav lub zeem muag, tsis tu ncua los yog lub qhov muag khaus. Yog tias cov tsos mob saum toj no yog pom tseeb lossis tsis tu ncua lossis tsis tu ncua, tsis txhob siv tshuaj thiab mus rau tom tsev kho mob rau kev kuaj mob.
taboo

Contraindicated nyob rau hauv cov neeg ua xua rau cov khoom no.

Cov teeb meem xav tau mloog
1. Tsis txhob kov lub taub hau tso cia plaub hau thiab lwm cov chaw tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj paug
2. Thov khaws cov khoom kom ncav cuag cov menyuam yaus
3. Ib hlis tom qab qhib lub raj mis, nws tsis haum rau txuas ntxiv siv nws.
4. Kev noj tshuaj rau cev xeeb tub thiab lactating poj niam: Tsis muaj ib qho kev ceeb toom ntawm kev ua me nyuam lossis lwm yam teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm hydroxyprropyl cellulose hauv tib neeg lub cev tau pom; Tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo tau tshaj tawm hauv cov menyuam mos thaum lactation. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj kev sib txuas lus tshwj xeeb rau kev xeeb tub thiab lactating poj niam.
5. Tshuaj noj rau cov menyuam yaus: piv nrog lwm pab pawg hnub nyoog, HydroxyPropylulose hauv menyuam tsis ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo. Yog li ntawd, cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus siv tau cov khoom no raws tib txoj kev npaj.
6, Kev noj tshuaj rau cov laus: kev siv ntawm hydroxypropylulose hauv cov neeg laus, piv nrog lwm pab hnub nyoog, tsis ua rau lwm cov hnub nyoog lossis lwm yam teeb meem. Raws li, cov tshuaj noj rau cov neeg mob senile tsis muaj kev sib txuas lus tshwj xeeb.
7, cia: airtight cia.

Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb
Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv
Cov khoom no muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom, tuaj yeem siv los ua zaub mov ntxiv, tsis muaj cua sov, tsis muaj qhov ua kom tawv nqaij thiab mucous membrane kev sib cuag. Nws yog feem ntau suav tias muaj kev nyab xeeb (FDA1985). Qhov kev tso cai txhua hnub ua tiav yog 25mg / kg (FAO / uas 1985). Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv yuav tsum hnav thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.

Qhov cuam tshuam ib puag ncig
Zam kev ua pa cua ua paug los ntawm hmoov av ya.
Kev phom sij ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj: Zam kev sib cuag nrog cov chaw tua hluav taws, thiab zam kev sib haum ntawm cov hmoov av hauv ib puag ncig kom tiv thaiv kev phom sij.
Khaws cov khoom xa khoom
Them sai sai rau lub hnub tiv thaiv los ntawm nag thiab noo noo, zam nraim tshav ntuj, muab ntim rau hauv qhov chaw qhuav.
Lub Sij Hawm Ruaj Ntseg
S24 / 25: Zam zam rau ntawm daim tawv thiab qhov muag.
Zam kev sib cuag nrog tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag.